【国外标准】 Standard Practice for Testing for Cellular Responses to Particles in vitro

4.1 This practice is to be used to help assess the biocompatibility of materials used in medical devices. It is designed to test the effect of particles released from medical devices and biomaterials on macrophages or other cells.4.2 The appropriateness of the methods should be carefully considered by the user since not all materials or applications need to be tested by this practice.4.3 Abbreviations: 4.3.1 FCS (FBS)—Fetal Calf Serum (Fetal Bovine Serum)4.3.2 FGFs—Fibroblast Growth Factors4.3.3 HBSS—Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution4.3.4 HEPES—A buffering salt (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid)4.3.5 IL17—Interleukin 174.3.6 IL18—Interleukin 184.3.7 IL1β—Interleukin 1 beta4.3.8 IL6—Interleukin 64.3.9 IL8—Interleukin 84.3.10 LAL—Limulus Amebocyte Lysate4.3.11 LPS—lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)4.3.12 MCP1—Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-14.3.13 MMPs—Matrix Metalloproteinases4.3.14 NO—Nitric Oxide4.3.15 PBS—Phosphate Buffered Saline4.3.16 PGE2—Prostaglandin E24.3.17 RPMI 1640—Specific Growth Medium (Roswell Park Memorial Institute)4.3.18 TGFβ—Transforming growth factor beta4.3.19 TNFα–—Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha4.3.20 VEGF—Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor1.1 This practice covers the assessment of cellular responses to wear particles and degradation products from implanted materials that may lead to a cascade of biological responses resulting in damage to adjacent and remote tissues. In order to ascertain the role of particles in stimulating such responses, the nature of the responses, and the consequences of the responses, established protocols are needed. This is an emerging, rapidly developing area, and the information gained from standard protocols is necessary to interpret cellular responses to particles and to determine if these correlate with in vivo responses. Since there are many possible and established ways of determining responses, a single standard protocol is not stated. However, well described protocols are needed to compare results from different investigators using the same materials and to compare biological responses for evaluating (ranking) different materials. For laboratories without established protocols, recommendations are given and indicated with an asterisk (*).1.2 Since the purpose of the following test procedures is to predict the response in human tissues, the use of human (preferably macrophage lineage) cells is recommended. However, the use of non-macrophage cell lineage or the use of cells from non-human and non-primate sources may be acceptable. The source of the cells or the cell line used should be justified based on the cellular responses under test and/or tissue of interest. Non-human cells should not be used if there is evidence of possible cross-species difference for specific test results as the results of this in vitro test may not correspond to actual human response.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.